五、并列平行结构
英语常用并列连词来连接两个或两个以上的同等成分，而这种结构我们称之为并列平行结构，而比较常用的连词有：and, but, so, yet, for, nor, or , not only…but also, either…or,以及neither…nor等等。一般说来连接的同等成分可以是两个或几个动词，两个或几个动词的宾语，两个或几个名词的定语，两个或几个介词短语等。如果并列连词连接的是两个或几个简单句，就构成了一个并列句。这里举几个小的例子：
In fact, privatization has not only rescued individual industries and a whole economy headed for disaster, but has also raised the level of performance in every area.这句话的中文意思是：事实上，私有化不仅挽救了个别企业和走向毁灭的整个经济，而且还提高了各行业的运作水平。在这个句子中，用and连接了individual industries和a whole economy这两个作为动词rescued的宾语，并且还使用了not only…but also连接了rescued和raised这两个动词引导的平行的谓语成分。
但是需要注意的是并不是每个and简单的认为它只有连接作用，其实它的用法在英语中十分丰富，它在句子中可以表示许多不同的目的。例如：We were singing and dancing.我们又唱又跳。The old lady fell down in the street and broke her leg.老妇人跌倒在街上，腿都摔断了。Fix the bicycle and I’ll pay you $6.修理这辆自行车，我就付给你6美元。He finished his homework and made for the dining room.他作完家庭作业后去了食堂。The girl grows up and still knows nothing about her family.这女孩长大了，对家里的事还是一无所知。
此外其他的并列连词都各表示不同的意义：but，yet表示对比；either…or…, neither…nor…表示选择；so表示结果；for表示原因等等.
But since the consequences of poverty are related to powerlessness, not to the absolute supply of money available to the poor, and since the amount of power purchasable with a given supply of money decreases as a society acquires a larger supply of goods and services, the solution of raising the incomes of the poor is likely, unless accompanied by other measures, to be ineffective in a wealthy society.
句子解析：这个句子的两个since引导的处于并列关系的原因状语从句，在主句中unless accompanied by other measures作为插入语表示让步分割了谓语部分
句子翻译：但是，既然贫穷与穷人可得到的货币绝对供应量无关，而是无权利所造成的，既然用一定量的货币所能购买的权力量随着一个社会获得的商品和服务量的增加而下降，那么提高穷人收入的解决办法在一个富裕社会很可能不会奏效，除非同时采取其他的措施.
The time has long since arrived to recognize commercial representation as a profession per se, the successful exercise of which is positively1 correlated with careful initial selection of commercial representatives, the level and content of their formal education and specialized2 training, the length and variety of their pertinent3 experience, and the quality of support they receive from the trade promotion4 or ministry5 at home.
句子解析：这句话的主干部分十分短小：The time has long. Since引导的状语从句部分都是为了说明驻外商务代表成为专门的业务时其相关的一些情况，在exercise of后面的which代表的是commercial representation，后面有几个用and连接的与选择好驻外商务代表相关的要考虑的东西: the level and content of their formal education and specialized training; the length and variety of their pertinent experience和the quality of support。
句子翻译：驻外商务代表的工作实际上是一种专门的业务---早就应该这样看待这个问题。要把这项工作做好，首先是要选择好驻外商务代表。要考虑他们所受的正规教育和专门培训的程度和内容，他们过去有哪些和有多少相关的经验，以及他们能够从国内的贸易促进机构和贸易部得到什么样的支持。
六、同位语结构
同位语是用来对名词或者是名词代词作进一步的解释，一般说来它有单词、短语和从句三种形式。同位语从句是名词从句的一种，置于某些名词之后，如fact, doubt, idea, news, hope, indication, decision, possibility, assumption, suggestion, question等等。这种从句通常是由that引导的，有时也会用到如what, why, whether, when等来引导。
同位语从句和定语从句在句子结构上有一定的相似,容易使人混淆.要注意在同位语从句中that, what, who等连接代词在句中并不充当句子成分。
在进行英文阅读时，要注意同位语与本位语分割的现象，这种现象常常会造成阅读理解上的困难，特别是发生在句子结构本身十分复杂的时候。例如：
The word radar6, coined as a code name in World War II, was derived7 from the phrase Radio Detection And Ranging.这句话的中文意思是radar这个词，是第二次世界大战期间作为一个代号而造出来的，是Radio Detection And Ranging这个词组的缩写。本句的radar是word的同位语。同位语常常表示本位语的另一种说法，指出本位语的具体内容或者列举、突出本位语的一部分内容。同位语一般置于本位语之后，可以不用标点符号隔开，也可以用逗号、冒号或破折号隔开，例如：The thought came to him thatmaybe the enemy had fled the city.这里thought就和它的由that引导的同位语从句被谓语部分came to him所分割。
There is a growing realization8 that had Saddam Hussein focused his missile-development programs on this sort of hardware rather than developing the Scud9, Desert Storm could have seen targets in Saudi Arabia and Israel bombarded by weapons whose miss distance might have been measured in terms of tens or hundreds of meters rather than kilometers.
句子解析：这个句子的主干部分十分简短，即There is a growing realization. That引导的是虚拟的关于realization的同位语从句，并且在这个从句中还有一个whose引导的定语从句用于修饰weapons。
句子翻译：现在人们越来越认识到，如果沙达姆 .侯赛因当初将其导弹发展计划集中在这种硬件而不是发展“飞毛腿”导弹，那么“沙漠风暴”行动中，轰炸沙特阿拉伯和以色列的导弹发射的误差距离恐怕就不会以千米而是以几十或几百米测算了
